OMD Project Management Essay

Background Information: OMD Project Management is a consultancy that provides construction project management for its clients. OMD Project Management was set up approximately eighteen months ago and has a staff of three. They have access to a large skill base, which may be called upon as required to satisfy project conditions. This helps to reduce overheads and increase profit ability. The works include the following services: * measured surveys, * Schedule of condition (report on the state of the building, identifying any areas that will incur rectification at the clients cost. * Lease appraisal (review legal documents on clients behalf) * Cost estimate of works. * Tender works to specialist contractors * Manage projects * Agree final costs of the project with contractors on behalf of client * Ensure statutory regulations are complied with (planning approvals building regulations and disabled discrimination act) Although OMD Project management is a small company it has a large client base. These vary from large multi-national companies to small private businesses. They specialise with the retail sector where they have at least twenty years of experience Problem: A current issue that the company has is invoicing. Invoicing currently can take up to an hour to complete. Invoicing is currently done by hand and on paper, this is not a very efficient way of doing this job because it takes up too much time and human error is often an issue. These errors can include charging too much or too little money. By providing an invoice system it would save the company large amounts of time an effort. It would also reduce the amount of human error and increase the accuracy of the invoice. Current Invoice System: OMD project management currently do all of their invoicing on paper. This means that the consultant will remember his hours his expenses and his hourly rate in his head and when it comes around to invoicing the client he will type all of these things up on to Microsoft word, print it off and give it to the client so the are able to pay the company. As you could gather this is a very inefficient way of invoicing the client. This can also lead to large amount of errors during the invoicing process, for example a client may be under charged or over charged. End User Skills: The main user of the document that I will create is of the older generation. He prefers to do things the ‘old fashioned’ way, this means that he likes to do his invoicing on paper using a calculator and a pen and it would currently take him longer to create an invoice on the computer than it would for him to do it on paper, however he is not total computer illiterate and he is able to use most word processing and spread sheet programmes. OMD Project Management would like to me to create an invoice system that is simple yet effective so that he is able to save time by moving his invoice system onto computer and they would also like me to create a system that is able to be used by everyone in the company. Requirements: General: * The invoice must be in Lucida sans console. * The text must be black in colour * The program must be user friendly * The company logo must be at the top of the invoice * The client’s address must be at the top left of the page but lower than the logo. * The invoice number should be on the left hand side of the page and below the address. * A breakdown of the invoice should be in the middle of the page just below the invoice number. * The total, in bold, will go underneath the invoice breakdown. * The company address will go at the bottom of the page. * It must look professional. Qualitative: * The program must be able to hold all of the different types of expenses. * The program must be able to hold different types of jobs. * The program must double up as an estimating system. * The program must produce an accurate invoice. * The program must hold different client addresses Quantitative: * From start to finish the invoice must only take 15 minutes. * The invoice must be able to hold 3 different types of jobs * The program must be able to hold at least 20 different client addresses Hardware and Software: There is a currently a huge amount of hardware available on the market. You can buy many different types of computer each one suitable for a different purpose, for example laptops are portable and can be taken anywhere, this can be very convenient as the user is able to do his work anywhere and also with the invention of wireless technology the user can connect to the internet anywhere that wireless internet is available. Another type of PC that is available is desktop PC. This is a PC that stays stationary. This type of PC gives you a lot more room to type etc and also has a mouse as standard, these can be permanently linked up to a printer and/or the internet. The current system that OMD Project management runs is a Compaq Presario with an Intel Pentium 4 processor. OMD Project Management feels that there is no need to purchase a new system because they feel that their current system is sufficient and suitable for the job in hand. There are many different types of software that is suitable for this project. I believe that the most appropriate is a spreadsheet package. This is because you are able to use the program to calculate lots of different things. With a bit of self teaching you are able to use the program to do lots of different processes. OMD Project Management already has Microsoft office XP installed on their system and they feel that I should use Microsoft Excel to create their invoice system. This is so that it is compatible with their system. I believe that this is a good choice as Excel is more than adequate for the task in hand. Input: Enter the job type code Enter all the things to with the amount of work done: * The number of days worked. * Enter the correct code that corresponds to the appropriate price paid per day Enter all the relevant expenses details: * The number of miles travelled and the number of nights stayed in a hotel. Enter the code for the desired client address Enter the client addresses. * Code number * Address line 1 * Address line 2 * postcode * contact number Process: Lookup the type of job according to the code and multiply the rate of pay by the number of days worked. Calculate the amount of expenses owed for travelling. Calculate the amount of expenses owed for staying in hotels. Calculate sub-total, VAT and the final total. Output: A full invoice with the amount owed for work done and the amount owed for expenses with sub-totals, VAT added and the final total at the end. It should also display the company logo, company address, company logo and the client address. It should look professional. Test Strategy: I will test my program in three different ways. I will ask my end user to use my new system and ask them to give me feedback on it so I am able to adjust it to their liking. Also I will devise tests that will be conducted during and after the implementation stage this will allow me to improve my system greatly and identify any errors that are in my system. Test Number Test Test Data Expected Outcome Actual Outcome Corrective Action 1a b c Check date Validation rule. Normal 10/08/05 Extreme 32/08/05 Erroneous 374hcbsi Will accept Data. Won’t accept the date. Should not accept this As expected As expected As expected 2 Check that the formula has worked to calculate the sub-total. N/A The sum of the total money owed for work and expenses. As expected 3 Check that the formula for working out the VAT works. N/A The product of the sub-total multiplied by 17.5%. As expected 4 Check that the formula for working out the total works. N/A The sum of the sub-total and the VAT. As expected 5 a b c Check the lookup function works for the job type code number. Normal 2 Extreme 4 Erroneous 224hsdnsg It should return à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½315.00. It comes up with an error message It should come up with an error message. As expected It comes up with à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½275 which is the value for 3 As expected Put a validation rule on it so that no number higher than 3 can be entered. 6 Check that the formula for working out the total amount of money owed for work done works. N/A The product of the price paid per day and the number of days worked. As expected 7 Check that formula for calculating travel expenses works. N/A The product of the price per mile and the number of miles travelled. As expected 8 Check that formula for calculating the amount of money owed for staying in hotels. N/A The product of the price paid per night and the number of nights stayed. As expected 9 Check that formula for calculating the total expenses owed for works. N/A The sum of the amount owed for travelling and the amount owed for hotels As expected 10 Check that the summary page macro button works. N/A The button takes you to the summary page. As expected 11 Check that the breakdown page macro button works. N/A The button takes you to the breakdown page. As expected 12 Check that the job type page macro button works. N/A The button takes you to the job type page. As expected 13 Check that the client address page macro button works. N/A The button takes you to client address page As expected 14 Check that the clear invoice/summary macro button works. N/A The button clears all of the entries that are on the invoice. As expected 15 Check that clear breakdown macro button works. N/A The button will clear all of the entries that are on the summary sheet. As expected 16 Check that the back to main menu macro button on the breakdown sheet works. N/A The button will take you back to the main menu page. As expected 17 Check that the back to main menu macro button on the job type sheet works. N/A The button will take you back to the main menu page. As expected 18 a b c Check data validation for D2:D14 on breakdown sheet to allow numbers only. Normal 30 Extreme D Erroneous dn8949 The program allows entry. It shows an error message to explain that no letters are allowed. As above. As expected As expected As expected 19 a b Test the lookup function for the client addresses Normal 3 Extreme 51 Erroneous 73hdhb. It will look up the client address with that code number. It shows N/A in the cell meaning there is an error in the formula. As above. As expected It comes up with zero As expected I will put a validation rule on the cell so that it will only allow numbers below 51. 20 Check that the back to main menu macro button on the client details sheet works. N/A The button will take you back to the main menu page. As expected 21 Give the program to OMD project Management for them to test it Implementation Log 17/11/05 The first stage of my implementation was to insert two worksheets. I then renamed my worksheets for easy reference; the sheets will be named Main Menu, Summary, Breakdown, Job Type and Client Details. Here I have entered all of the column headings for the client details addresses Here I have highlighted cells A1:F51 this allows the user to enter up to 50 different addresses as stated in the requirements. I then named the table Address. Here I have entered all the data for the different types of jobs. And here I have formatted the cells to currency so that the data in these cells is displayed as a currency. I highlighted cells B2:D5 and inserted a name. The table name is now jobs. Here I have entered all of the headings for this table and I have then highlighted cells A1:F15 and named them Breakdown. Here I have entered the vlookup formula, that will lookup the different rates that correspond to the code No. entered and put them onto this sheet. As you can see the vlookup formula has worked as it has entered the rate of pay. I have also put in the formula to workout amount of money owed. I have entered the formula to calculate the amount of money owed for travelling. Here I have entered the formulae to work out the total amount of money owed for expenses and to work out the money owed for staying in hotels. I have also formatted all the cells containing monetary values to currency. As you can see here I have entered all the text onto the summary sheet. Here I have entered a validation rule to the date cell on the invoice which only allows a date to be entered in the format 00/00/00 and it must be greater than 01/01/2000. I also added my own error message to inform the user of what the need to enter. Here I have entered the vlookup formula which will lookup each part of the address that corresponds to the code and the transfer them onto this sheet. I entered the same formula for the 4 cells below but each time increasing the column index number by one. This is the formula that copies the amount of money owed for work from the breakdown sheet onto the summary sheet. This formula is the same as above except that it copies the total amount of expenses owed instead of the amount of money owed for work Here is the formula to calculate the sub-total. And here is the formula to work out the VAT to be added. And finally the formula that will work out the total amount of money owed. This is me recording the macro that will take you from the main menu page to the breakdown page. I will do the same for each macro that is used for navigation. To create the macro button I used the forms toolbar and clicked on the button icon and I drew the button. I then right clicked it and assigned the appropriate macro to it. So now whenever I click the button it will take me to the specified page. Here I am assigning the macro to the macro button. I have recorded a macro that deletes all the entries that have been entered into the invoice breakdown sheet. This macro button clears all the information, on the invoice summary page, that changes. And for the addresses it changes the code so that a line is displayed instead of the client address. I did this each time I recorded a new macro and just chose a new name for it.

Renewable energy architecture

Chapter One: IntroductionRationaleRenewable energy is energy generated from natural resources that are renewable, invariably replenished by nature such as sunshine, air current, rain and geothermic heat. All of these signifiers of renewable energy can be used as a cleaner beginning of energy in houses. As these signifiers of renewable energy can be harnessed to bring forth sufficient electricity even for the most demanding of houses and so some, the electricity generated from renewable resource would be clean, safe, environmentally friendly, cost effectual and efficient. â€Å" Our present happy progressive status is a thing of limited continuance † William Stanley Jevons 1865 This citation shows that as far back as the mid 1800s civilization knew the that worlds resources were non infinite and that one twenty-four hours they could run out, so for the past 150 old ages or so civilization could hold been be aftering for this and looking for alternate types of energy such as renewable energy. â€Å" Traditional Fossil fuels are running out, they are acquiring harder and more expensive to obtain, and their emanations are fouling our planet. Newer, greener, alternate, renewable, energy solutions are available today. Emerging engineerings are doing them more efficient, and more low-cost, with shorter payback times. This makes them a feasible option to traditional energy beginnings. Energy costs have snowballed in recent old ages. U.K energy wholesale monetary values have risen by 100 % for electricity, and 230 % for Gas since February 2007. Coal has seen a, monolithic leap with a 400 % addition in the last 10 old ages, from merely ?23 a ton in 1999 to ?100 a ton in 2008. Oil monetary values have increased dramatically late and are ever prone to fluctuation. Oil has reached peak supply and increasing demand from developing states is likely to maintain monetary values high † . ( line.3,4,5. par 2 from place page of www.renewable alternative.co.uk web site for Caron alternate energy systems. ) The Author found this quotation mark to be really acute as it non merely shows that traditional fuels are no longer traveling to be an option in the hereafter but with current demand for energy the monetary value is traveling to flip projectile. This citation besides looks at how promoting and utilizing renewable energy systems can assist you to make a cleaner and more environmentally friendly environment, the quotation mark besides looks at how renewable systems can be more cost effectual non merely in the overall life span but besides in the installing aswell as many authoritiess of states are now giving out grants to householders in order to advance renewable energy. The writer will travel into the inside informations of the grants in greater item later in the thesis.PurposesIn this thesis the writer aims to demo that put ining renewable energy systems in domestic houses is non merely promoting green energy but besides cost-efficient and every bit productive as traditional heating systems in places. Throughout the thesis the writer plans to call and depict the different types of renewable energy systems that are available to a home to do it more energy efficient.AimsTo set up an appropriate research methodological analysis to back up the research needs of the thesis.To analyze and measure the different types of renewable energy systems.Conduct a study of consumers who have purchased/installed a renewable energy system in their house.To look into the advantages and disadvantages between renewable energy systems and traditional warming systems.Formulate decisions and do recommendations on the footing of my findings.HypothesisIs Renewable energy in domestic houses more good than traditional heating systems?Structure of DissertationIntroductionChapter one introduces the reader to the thesis. It provides a brief overture to the subjects that will be discussed in the thesis. It besides discusses the purposes, aims and the construction of the thesis.Research method ological analysissIn chapter two the writer discusses the research methodological analysiss used to research information and this includes the research procedure, primary and secondary literature beginnings.List of renewable energy systemsIn chapter three the writer makes a list of the different types of renewable energy systems available to the consumer.List of traditional warming systemsIn chapter four the writer makes a list of the traditional warming systems available to the consumer.Detailed description of renewable energy systemsIn chapter five the writer gives a elaborate description of the different types of renewable energy systems and lists the advantages and disadvantages.Detailed description of traditional warming systemsIn chapter six the writer gives a elaborate description of the different types of traditional warming systems and lists the advantages and disadvantages.Analysis of questionnairesThis chapter analyses the sentiments of the place proprietors who have inst alled renewable energy systems in their places. In this chapter the writer has made up a client study and given it to place proprietors ( who have installed renewable energy systems in there house ) to finish. The writer will roll up and analyze the consequences of this study.Case surveyIn this chapter the writer looks at different illustrations of similar research.Decision and recommendationsThis chapter provides the decisions and recommendations of the thesis.Bibliography and MentionsThe bibliography and mentions is a list of all the books, articles and web sites used to research the thesisChapter Two Research MethodologiesIntroduction:In this chapter the writer outlines the assorted methods used to bring forth this thesis. It identifies the different beginnings used and illustrates how with comprehensive research the information was collated. The writer besides discusses the restrictions encountered in researching for this thesis.Research ProcedureThe research procedure begins by the writer fixing a preliminary literature reappraisal. This enables the writer to get a sufficient appreciation of the theories and methods of analysis in renewable energy systems. The preliminary literature reappraisal help the writer develop his cognition of the planning system and statute law. The preliminary literature survey besides helps spread out an overview of the primary beginnings of information available. The preliminary literature survey in the initial phases in the research procedure presents a big sum of the stuff needed for the thesis. The writer uses this information to contract his research. This focused his purposes on specific countries. The writer so had to make up one's mind on what format the thesis would take and how to travel about bring forthing it. By analyzing past thesiss on similar topics it will help in the enlargement of the initial thought and will show the right method to put to death a thesis. Throughout the research procedure different information is collected. This information can be broken up into different headers primary and secondary beginnings.Beginnings: Primary and SecondaryPrimary Literature Beginnings:â€Å" Primary literature is the most accurate beginning of information as it publishes original research † ( Naoum, 2007 ) . The lists of primary beginnings included in this thesis were academic research diaries, thesiss, authorities publications and studies on the capable affair. Discussion was carried out with the bibliothecs in both Robert Gordon University and Carlow Institute of Technology this broadened the research avenues. The chief beginnings of information included:Documents from the European UnionDocuments from the Irish authoritiesSustainable Energy without the hot air by David JC MackayRenewable Energy Policy by Paul KomorSecondary Literature beginnings:Secondary literature beginnings are those that cite primary beginnings such as text editions, trade diaries, newspaper articles etc. The secondary beginnings were chiefly conducted during the writer ‘s research period. The writer used many different beginnings such as the cyberspace and the library comfortss available. The utilizations of hunt engines specifically orientated to renewable energy were of great significance to the writer. Th e cyberspace was a really good beginning for up to day of the month stuff. The writer concentrated on the local sustainability web sites, Departments of Environment in Austria, Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom European Parliament, and the national newspaper websites to beginning information for this information.RestrictionsDuring the research for this thesis there were assorted restrictions. One of the greatest restrictions the writer encountered was the clip limitation. Roll uping the information needed clip it takes clip to treat the information and piece the thesis. A job the writer encountered was there were really few books that discussed the issues of the â€Å" the public presentation of renewable engineering in domestic houses † . One other trouble was the response rate was really hapless to the writer ‘s electronic mails and letters. The response rate was really hapless and therefore effected the writer ‘s overall nonsubjective position on this thesis.Literature ReviewThe writer undertook a literature reappraisal to beginning the relevant research involvements. The literature reappraisal provided the background information for the principle. In researching for this thesis the writer used text editions, newspapers, statute law and published studies as the principal beginnings.Past DissertationsPast thesiss in the Robert Gordon University provided a valuable beginning of information. The past thesiss were a considerable aid with the layout and format of the thesis and besides helped with developing the content.QuestionnaireThe usage of questionnaires was a important aid in having feedback from the people who are most influenced by the renewable energy systems ( the people who have had them installed in there houses ) on their sentiments and experiences.Chapter 3 List of Renewable Energy SystemsThe list of renewable energy systems falls under certain different standards for illustration solar, air current power, biomass etc. these are some of the systems that the writer will be looking at in greater item later on in the thesis.SolarSolar panel s.Photovoltaic cells.Evacuated tubing aggregators.Heat pumpsGeothermal heat pumps.Wind energyWind turbinesBiomassWood Chip or Pellet BoilersWater directionRainwater reapingChapter 4 List of Traditional Energy SystemsThe list of traditional energy systems that the writer has decided to research falls under the undermentioned standard Gas, Oil and Coal the writer will be looking at these systems in greater item later on in the thesis.Traditional warming systemsGasOilCoalChapter 5 Detailed Description of Renewable Energy SystemsSolar PanelsSolar thermal ( heat ) energy is frequently used for heating H2O used in places and for heating the interiors of edifices ( â€Å" infinite warming † ) . Solar infinite heating systems can be classified as inactive or active. Passive infinite warming is what happens to your auto on a hot summer twenty-four hours. The Sun ‘s beams heat up the interior of your auto. In edifices, the air is circulated past a solar heat surface and through the edifice by convection ( intending that less heavy warm air tends to lift while denser cool air moves downward ) . No mechanical equipment is needed for inactive solar warming. An active solar thermal system relies on solar aggregators to transform sunshine into heat that can be used for infinite warming or more normally to bring forth hot H2O. Active systems frequently include some type of energy storage system. Information taken from: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyexplained/renewable/flatplate.html )Solar Energy & A ; the EnvironmentUsing solar energy produces no air or H2O pollution and no nursery gases, but does hold some indirect impacts on the environment. In add-on, big solar thermic power workss can harm desert ecosystems if non decently managed. Birds and insects can be killed if they fly into a concentrated beam of sunshine, such as that created by a â€Å" solar power tower. † Some solar thermic systems use potentially risky fluids ( to reassign heat ) that require proper handling and disposal. Concentrating solar systems may necessitate H2O for regular cleansing of the concentrators and receiving systems and for chilling the turbine-generator. Using H2O from belowground Wellss may impact the ecosystem in some waterless locations.Photovoltaic CellsWhat are Photovoltaic Cells and how do they work?Photovoltaic Panels are normally situated on a roof and usage semi music directors to change over sunshine to bring forth electricity for your place. Unlike Solar Panels which use the energy of the Sun to heat H2O, Solar PV ( photovoltaic ) converts the suns energy into electricity. The panels are made up of an array of cells which are made of stuffs such as Si. The Solar PV ‘s are made up of a negative and positive field similar to a battery. The photovoltaic panels do non necessitate sunshine to be effectual as they operate from daytime instead than sunlight specifically, although they do supply more electricity in sunnier climes. The more Sun, the more electricity produced. The photovoltaic cell is activated by visible radiation. Electricity is created by the creative activity of an electric field across beds of semi-conductors in the cell.Advantages of Solar PVPhotovoltaic cells are low care, but do necessitate checking of the wiring and guaranting the Photovoltaic panels are unbroken clean and debris free.For new physique or redevelopments, photovoltaic installing costs will be lower as they can be incorporated with other plants.Photovoltaic reduces your C footmark.Alternative energy systems can better overall marking for ‘Energy Performance Certificates ‘ which form a mandatory component of the Home Information Packs ‘HIPS ‘ which house Sellerss now have to roll up.Alternative, renewable energy systems increase the value and saleability of your belongings.Photovoltaic panels are low noise.Photovoltaic panels can be used to supplement air current energy.SuitabilityPhotovoltaic panels should be placed so that they are South or c hiefly South confronting to derive most benefit from them, on an country where they will non blockade or overshadowed by edifices or trees. If they are in the shadiness for portion of the clip their end product will be less. Whilst traditionally these have been available in panels, Photovoltaic is now besides available in a signifier which mimics traditional tiles, and besides as units which can be used in the building of conservatories where they can besides supply shadiness. For larger Photovoltaic installings you may necessitate be aftering permission. A single system design will supply you with the best options for your single demands. We are able to plan and provide ‘off grid options ‘ which can let you to be self sufficient for electricity, heating and hot H2O. Photovoltaics ( pvs ) which convert sunshine straight into electricity, have many attractive characteristics. They are quiet, reliable, have no moving parts, can be installed really rapidly, and can be sized to power anything from a individual visible radiation to an full community. However they are rather expensive, with current costs of 20 per to 40 us cents per kWh for grid connected systems ( compared to 3 to 5 cents per kWh for coal or natural gas systems ) . Although costs have come down well in recent old ages and will go on to drop, PVs are presently nowhere near cost competitory with fossil fuels. ( l.3,4,5 par.2 pg 39 Renewable Energy Policy by Paul Komor )Evacuated Tube CollectorsEvacuated cellular tubings are made up of a series of modular tubings mounted in parallel.these tubings can be added to or taken away in conformity to hot H2O demands. These aggregators consist of rows of parallel see through glass tubings in which each contain an absorber tubing. In an evacuated tubing aggregator the sunshine passes through the glass tubing and heats up the absorber tubing by agencies of a heat money changer. The thickened fluid so flows back into the underside of the heat pipe. The pipes must be placed at a certain angle so that the method of vaporisation and compression will work to the best of it ‘s capableness.Advantages of Evacuated Tube CollectorsThe tubings can be separately replaced easy without particular tools and the H2O does non hold to be drained from the solar hot H2O system.The E.C.T ( evacuated tubing aggregators ) work like a thermos and maintain up to 93 % of the Sun heat in and lose between merely 3-5 % of the heat gained.The E.C.T will work in cold conditions up to -40 grades Fahrenheit.Geothermal Heat PumpsA geothermic heat pump is a cardinal warming and/or chilling system that pumps heat to or from the land. The geothermic heat pump uses the heat from the land as a beginning of heat ( in the colder months ) or a heat storage ( in the warmer months ) . This design takes advantage of the sensible temperatures in the land to better efficiency and cut down the costs of runing warming and chilling systems. The systems work a batch like a icebox or an air conditioner. Heat pumps can reassign heat from cold countries to warm countries, against the natural way of tally, or the systems can better the natural rush of heat from a warm country to a cool one. But unlike air-source heat pumps, which preponderantly transfers heat to or from the colder outside air, a land beginning heat pump takes its heat from the land. The fact that belowground temperatures are much more changeless means that geothermic heat pumps are much more energy efficient than air beginning heat pumps. What a land beginning heat pump does is it extracts the heat from the land in the colder months ( for heating ) and transfers the heat back into the land in the warmer months ( for chilling ) . During the summer months, the process can be changed so that the heat pump takes the heat from the edifice and channels it to the land. In order for a land beginning heat pump to work it must hold a heat money changer connected with the land to take or scatter heat. Direct exchange systems move refrigerating resistance, closed cringle systems use a combination of anti-freeze and H2O, where as natural groundwater is used in unfastened cringle systems. â€Å" Geothermal electricity has one compelling advantage over air current and solar. It ‘s non limited by the caprices of the air current or the Sun and can therefore provide base burden electricity. Typical geothermic workss operate at capacity factors of 90 per centum, compared to weave ‘s 25 to 30 per centum. This means that a geothermic power works is presenting near to its maximal end product most of the clip. This makes it a much more valuable and reliable beginning of electricity † .Wind TurbinesWhat are wind turbines and how do they work?Wind turbines are the most common of the alternate energies, they are efficaciously the modern equivalent of the old fashioned windmill. The rotors or blades of the air current turbines are placed on a pole high up, where they need comparatively small air current to turn them. The whirling blades of the turbines create electricity by revolving a lasting magnet to bring forth electricity, which can be used for a assortment of intents. The more electricity required the bigger the air current turbines required. When most people think of air current turbines they think of the really big commercial air current farms, with really high, really big air current turbines. Wind turbines are now available on a much smaller graduated table for domestic homes, and are capable of bring forthing sufficient electricity for the family, and dependent upon size, there is besides the possibility of selling extra electricity to the grid.Advantages of Wind TurbinesWind turbines are environmentally friendly.Once installed air current turbines provide free electricity.Wind turbines are a more constituted engineering, they are a cheaper option and have a lower payback period.During periods of good air current, electricity produced by Wind turbines and non used or stored can be sold to electricity companies.Our new coevals air current turbines non merely look different, they are quieter and more efficient. Their light-weight and compact de sign allows them to be located on edifice roofs.SuitabilityIn the chief, wind turbines are used for supplementing an bing electricity supply. You will necessitate a suited environment to be able to turn up the turbine, as far off as possible from trees and edifices. You will necessitate a suited base or pedestal on which to mount the air current turbine. Wind turbines merely generate electricity while there is sufficient air current so a uninterrupted supply of electricity can non be achieved. If there is no bing supply of electricity, electricity will either necessitate to be stored for unproductive periods, and/or used in concurrence with another beginning of renewable energy. Not all locations are suited for air current turbines, the placement of the turbine and the surrounding environment are critical for optimal public presentation. Any local planning limitations need to be taken history of in England and Wales be aftering permission is necessary to put in a little air current turbine. Wind turbines are best suited for rural belongingss, farms, community edifices, industrial estates, schools etc. The cardinal thought behind wind power is appealingly simple: the air current turns the blades, the blades turn the generator, and the generator makes electricity. The world of class is much more complex. Today ‘s air current turbines are technically sophisticated and finely engineered, integrating the latest progresss in stuffs, microprocessor controls, and computational fluid kineticss ( for blade design ) ( line 5, par 2, pg 34 Renewable Energy Policy by Paul Komor )Biomassâ€Å" Most common procedure of biomass burning is firing of wood. In developed states replacing oil or coal-burning cardinal heating boiler with a wood firing one can salvage between 20 and 60 % on warming measures, because wood costs less than oil or coal. At the same clip wood firing units are eco-friendly. They merely emit the same sum of the nursery gas CO2 as the tree absorbed when it was turning. So burning wood does non lend to planetary heating. Since wood contains less sulphur than oil does, les s sulfate is discharged into the ambiance. This means less acerb rain and less acid in the environment † . ( This is the sentiment of the industries of the frohling company who manufacture biomass boilers. ) Biomass can be converted to different signifiers of energy including heat, power, combined heat and power or liquid bio fuels.Direct burning of biomass stuff. Some processing of biomass may be carried out anterior to combustion e.g. sorting, splintering, pelleting or drying.The chemical processes-where solid biomass is upgraded to a liquid or a gas by pyrolisis and gasification.Decomposition of solid biomass to liquid or gaseous fuels by procedures such as anaerobiotic and agitation.Whilst the writer was researching biomass energy he came across a really interesting article on the importance of biomass energy in Germany this is what it states â€Å" Biomass is one of the most of import and most diverse renewable energy beginnings in Germany † . Quote taken from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bmu.de/english/renewable_energy/doc/42722.php ) .As Germany is one of the taking states in sustainability in the European Union the writer thought that this would be rather good to t he thesis. Biomass can be used in solid, gas and liquid signifier to make electricity and heat and to bring forth bio-fuels. It is estimated that of the entire concluding energy created from renewable beginnings in the twelvemonth stoping 2007 biomass contributed 69 % this is a astonishing figure when you take that more than two tierces of renewable energy came from biomass. Harmonizing to the concluding energy ingestion bio energy is responsible for about 4 per centum of entire electricity usage, merely over 6 per centum of entire heat required and 7.6 per centum of entire fuel needed. â€Å" The usage of bio-energy is to be farther expanded. The proficient potency required for this is available in Germany. In the agricultural and forestry sector, portion of the 17 million hectares of agricultural land ( approx. 12 million hectares of cultivable land and approx. 5 million hectares of grassland ) and of the 11 million hectares of forest are available for biomass production. By far the most of import beginning of bioenergy in Germany is wood. About one one-fourth of Germany ‘s wood production ( lower quality line of production ) is used for bring forthing energy, about three quarters are used as stuff. Waste wood and used wood are besides used for energy production. Model computations by the Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products have shown that there are militias to spread out the usage of wood without impairing sustainable forestry. † quotation mark taken from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bmu.de/english/renewable_energy/doc/42722.php ) this quotation mark shows how the German people are utilizing at that place natural resources to farther heighten the solution to fossil fuel jobs. Economically biomass energy has become rather important in Germany with about 100,000 occupations being created in the bio energy sector, specifically in the agricultural and forestry subdivisions, where they are fabricating stuffs such as pellets, wood french friess or biogas from biomass. The entire net incomes from the bio-energy sector came to 10.23 billion euro in 2007. ( Information was taken from the web site of the Federal Minister for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety of the German Government )Rainwater HarvestingRainwater harvest home is the collection and maintaining of rainwater. It can supply H2O for imbibing, for farm animate beings, for irrigating land and for H2O to replenish acquifies in the procedure known as groundwater recharge. In some instances rainwater is the lone sensible or available H2O beginning. The systems are really suited in countries where the rainfall is greater than 200mm per twelvemonth. There are two types of reaping land H2O harvest home and roof harvest home. Land H2O reaping systems feed H2O from a prepared catchment country into a storage country. They are normally merely considered in countries where rainwater is highly limited and extra supplies of H2O are missing or non available at all. They are really suited for little communities. If good designed, land catchments systems can roll up big sums of rainwater. Roof reaping systems feed rainwater that falls onto a roof into storage through a system of troughs and pipes. The initial bustle of rainwater after a dry enchantment should non be stored as it could be polluted with soil, bird dungs etc. Roof troughs must hold sufficient incline to avoid any opportunity of a back log of H2O. The troughs must be strong plenty, and large plenty to transport maximal flows. In order to cut down the hazard of taint and fungus growing the storage armored combat vehicles should be covered. In order for the Rainwater reaping systems to be kept hygienic and clean they require regular cleansing and care this will protract the good working order of the systems. Rainwater reaping in towns or metropoliss can be really utile for many grounds. One of the chief grounds rainwater reaping can be implemented in metropoliss is to provide excess H2O for the metropolis ‘s demands, to refill flora to better the scenic beauty of a town/city, to increase the land H2O tabular array through unreal recharge, to relieve urban implosion therapy and to better the quality of groundwater. Another ground that rainwater harvest home can be utile for is in families the H2O can be used to flush lavatories and for rinsing apparels, sometimes it can be more good to utilize rainwater to make laundry as some country the brinies H2O may hold hints of calcium hydroxide which could consequence the lavation machine over clip. It can besides be used for lavishing or bathing. It will necessitate extremist violet intervention prior to utilize for imbibing.Chapter 6 Detailed Description of Traditional Energy SystemsIn this chapter the writer decided to look at the stuffs used to heat the traditional types of heating systems.GasHow Was Natural Gas Formed?â€Å" The chief ingredient in natural gas is methane, a gas ( or compound ) composed of one C atom and four H atoms. Millions of old ages ago, the remains of workss and animate beings ( diatoms ) decayed and built up in thick beds. This rotten affair from workss and animate beings is called organic stuff – it was one time alive. Over clip, the sand and silt changed to sway, covered the organic stuff, and trapped it beneath the stone. Pressure and heat changed some of this organic stuff into coal, some into oil ( crude oil ) , and some into natural gas – bantam bubbles of odourless gas. †Advantages of Natural GasThe procedure of firing natural gas is cleaner than firing other fossil fuels. It releases fewer emanations of sulfur, C, and N than oil or coal. As natural gas is one of the cleaner fuels it has become much more popular in recent old ages.Disadvantages of Natural GasNatu ral gas may be cleaner than other fossil fuels but like other dodo fuel, the combustion of natural gas will bring forth C dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the 2nd biggest nursery gas lending to the nursery consequence. Natural gas besides has a negative consequence on the environment while it is being manufactured, polishing and transporting.OilOil was created from the remains of workss and animate beings that existed 1000000s of old ages ago in a maritime environment.Heating oil is a liquid with gluey characteristics, it is a combustible liquid crude oil merchandise used as a fuel for heating systems or boilers in edificesHeating oil is really similar to diesel fuel, and both are classified as distillations. It consists of a mixture of crude oil and hydrocarbonsDisadvantages of OilOil merchandises help us achieve many things. We use them oil merchandises to fuel many of our conveyance systems such as cars, planes trains etc to heat our places, and to develop merchandises such as medical specialties and plastics. Even though oil merchandises make life easier – discovering, fabrication, transporting, and the usage of them can harm the environment through H2O and air pollution.Harmful gases and emanations are produced from firing Oil merchandises.Some of these harmful emanations include:Particulate affair ( PM )Carbon dioxide ( CO2 )Sulfur dioxide ( SO2 )Carbon monoxide ( CO )About all of these byproducts of firing oil have a negative consequence on peoples wellness and the environment:Carbon dioxide is a nursery gas, which is of class a beginning of planetary heating.SO2 is known to causes causes respiratory unwellnesss and bosom diseases and besides acerb rain, which is damaging to animate beings and workss that live in H2O.Particulate affair is known to lend to the undermentioned wellness jobs lung malignant neoplastic disease, emphysema, asthma and chronic bronchitis.CoalCoal is a readily combustible black or brown-black sedimentary stone. It is composed ch iefly of C along with fickle sums of other elements, chiefly S, H, O and N. Coal starts out as a movie of works substance builds up at the underside of a organic structure of H2O. In order for the process to go on the works substance affair must be sheltered from biodegradation and oxidation, normally by clay or acidic H2O. This trapped atmospheric C in the land in huge peat bogs that finally were covered over and profoundly buried by deposits under which they metamorphosed into coal. Coal, a dodo fuel, is the largest beginning of energy for the coevals of electricity worldwide, every bit good as one of the largest worldwide anthropogenetic beginnings of C dioxide emanations. Coal is the largest emmittant of C dioxide of all the fossil fuels it emits about double the sum of Co2 that natural gas emits. Coal is extracted from the land by excavation, either belowground or in unfastened cavities. Coal is chiefly used as a solid fuel to make heat and electricity.What are some of the disadvantages with excavation coal?â€Å" Without proper attention, excavation can hold a negative impact on ecosystems and H2O quality and alter landscapes and scenic positions. Debris that chokes mountain watercourses can ensue from surface excavation like mountaintop remotion, and acidic H2O can run out from abandoned belowground mines. Today reconstructing the land damaged by surface excavation is an of import portion of the excavation procedure. Because excavation activities frequently come into contact with H2O resources, coal manufacturers must besides travel to great attempts to forestall harm to land and surface Waterss.What Emissions and By merchandises Are Produced from Burning Coal?The burning of coal produces several types of emanations that adversely affect the environment. The five chief emanations associated with coal ingestion in the energy sector are:Sulfur dioxide ( SO2 ) , which has been linked to acid rain and increased incidence of respiratory unwellnesssNitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , which have been linked to the formation of acerb rain and photochemical smogParticulates, which have been linked to the formation of acerb rain and increased incidence of respiratory unwellnesssCarbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , which is the primary nursery gas emanation from energy usage. †Chapter 7: Analysis of Questionnair e:Introduction:In this chapter the writer will measure some of the sentiments of householders from Scotland and Ireland. These people represent the householders who have installed renewable energy systems in there houses of, so their sentiments will give an honest position of the systems. The questionnaire will assist me compare my ain beliefs on the renewable energy systems with the people most accustomed to them. The questionnaire was sent out with a cover missive as shown in Appendix A. There were 40 questionnaire sent out. 30 respondents sent their questionnaires back. I posted the questionnaires with a return cast addressed envelope included.Question 1:How satisfied are you with sing the following points? Merchandise, overall quality, value, installing ( first usage ) , usage experience and after purchase service. The intent of this inquiry is to see whether the people who have purchased renewable energy systems are happy in the above countries. The consequences of the study prove that big proportion of the people who have installed renewable energy systems in their places have been preponderantly happy with there purchase.Question 2:Overall, how satisfied are you with the merchandise? The consequences of this study are reasonably conclusive in turn outing that the bulk of the people surveyed are either really satisfied or highly satisfied with there merchandise.Question 3:Compared to other merchandises that are available, would you state that the merchandise is? The intent of this inquiry is to see whether the people who have purchased renewable energy systems are happy with there merchandises compared to traditional energy systems. Looking at the consequences of the questionnaire it is obvious to see that the people who have had the renewable systems installed are happy with there purchase with a bulk of 53 % happening the new system to be better and 27 % of the people.Question 4:Would you travel back to your old system? The intent of this inquiry was to happen out what per centum of the people surveyed would be happy to travel back to there original system. Once once more the consequences of the study were reasonably conclusive with the bulk of the people more than happy to remain with there renewable systems.Question 5:How likely are you to urge this merchandise to others? The intent of this inquiry was to happen out what per centum of the people surveyed would be happy to urge this merchandise to there friends and household. The consequences of this inquiry shows that out of 30 people who answered the questionnaire a bulk of 54 % of people would be willing to urge a renewable energy system to people they know, with 30 % of the people being open.Question 6:Based on your experience with this sort of merchandise, how likely are you to put in a similar merchandise in your house once more? The consequences of this inquiry are really concise with a bulk of 73 % likely or highly likely to put in a similar renewable energy system in the hereafter and a minority of 23 % who would non be willing to put in another renewable energy system.Chapter 8: Case StudyAs portion of the instance survey chapter the writer has looked at the new E.U. statute law brought in on the 23rd January 2008 entitled â€Å" Renewable Energy in the twenty-first century: edifice a more sustainable hereafter † . This enterprise is aimed at holding Renewable energy history for 20 per centum of the brotherhoods overall Energy ingestion by 2020. As portion of this instance analyze the writer looked at how four different states viz. Austria, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom intend to run into foremost the interim marks and secondly there overall mark by 2020. The writer will besides be looking at the different grant strategies grants for renewable energy in domestic places awarded by differen t states within the European Union. First the writer will demo the statute law given by the EU below and demo what marks have to be met by each state in the European brotherhood and the interim marks set out for each state listed below.Member provinces ‘ marksOn 23 January 2008, theCommission put frontward a proposal for a newdirective on renewable energies to replace the bing steps adopted in 2001.EU authoritiess and the European Parliament reached a wide understanding on the proposal on 9 December 2008, which was so adopted by the Parliament in a plenary ballot on 17 December Harmonizing to the text, each member stateshouldincrease its usage ofrenewable energies – such as solar, air current or hydro -in a bidto encouragement the E.U. ‘s portion from 8.5 % of the axis ‘s energy mix today to 20 % by 2020.A 10 % usage of ‘green fuels'in transportis besides included within the overall EU aim. To accomplish the marks, every state in the 27-member axis is required to increase its portion of renewables by 5.5 % from 2005 degrees, with the staying addition calculated on the footing of per capita gross domestic merchandise ( GDP ) :Interim marksThe Commission alsoproposes aseries of interim marks, in order to guarantee steady advancement towards the 2020 marks.25 % norm between 2011 and2012 ;35 % norm between 2013 and 2014 ;45 % norm between 2015 and 2016, and ;65 % norm between 2017 and 2018.OesterreichsIn researching the proposals of each of the four states the writer intended to look at, the writer found it highly hard to happen a finalised proposal as the finalised proposals do non hold to be submitted to the European Union until June of 2010. the best the writer was able to make was research proposals forwarded by MPs to each authorities. The Austrian authorities set up a plan to analyze the effects of holding to make 34 % renewable energy of the entire energy end product by 2020 and the impact this will hold on the environment, the economic system and on society. In order to analyze the inquiries posed, the undertaking comprises two chief blocks: the development of the simulation theoretical account â€Å" e3.at † which integrates energy, economic and environmental facets in one individual and consistent modeling model, and its application within a participatory scenario patterning procedure. After the creative activity of the simulation theoretical account and the development of the scenarios, the scenarios had to be implemented into the theoretical account. The undertaking consists of:An economic theoretical account, dwelling of an input-output theoretical account, the system of national histories ( SNA ) , and the labour market.An energy theoretical account, exemplifying the relationship between economic development, energy usage and CO2 emanations. It comprises energy demand, transmutation and supply.A resource theoretical account, apportioning the domestic and imported stuff inputs to those sectors responsible for the material extraction.The theoretical account acts as a footing for quantifying the effects of different scenarios of a more ambitious usage of renewable energy in Austria.GermanyThe German authorities has estimated that they will non merely make the mark by 2020 but beat it by.7 % the authorities. The German authorities have done up a tabular array gauging how much per centum of energy they are traveling to do from renewables from 2010 to 2020.Irish republicHarmonizing to the Irish authoritiess section of communicating, Marine and renewables white paper papers, presenting a sustainable hereafter for Ireland the authorities intends to make the followers:Encourage biomass in power coevals by back uping biomass engineering transportation, investing in specific biomass R & A ; D and tackling of supply side ( biomass feedstock ) issues ;They will extinguish the dedicated oil demand for the power coevals sector by 2020 while reexamining the strategic necessity for double fire at gas workss ;They will accomplish 15 % of electricity ingestion from renewable beginnings by 2010through bing and new undertakings under the refit strategy ;They will accomplish 33 % of electricity ingestion from renewable beginnings by 2020 through support for research, development, commercialisation, and engineering transportation every bit good as grid connexions and be aftering issues for offshore air current, ocean engineering and biomass ;They will restrict Irelands dependance on natural gas for power coevals to about 50 % b y 2020.They will guarantee the necessary transmittal system planning and development in support of renewables by EirGrid SONI and the Regulators in the all-island model.Besides in the white paper papers was a estimated tabular array of the electricity coevals between 2005 and 2020.United KingdomIn relation to the United Kingdom the writer was able to come across a proposal by Mr John Hutton MP sketching his proposals to assist the United Kingdom make its recommended renewable energy mark of 15 % by 2020. The proposals are as follows:â€Å" Extending and raising the degree of the renewables duty to promote 30-35 % of our electricity to come from renewable beginnings by 2020.Introducing a new fiscal inducement mechanism to promote a really big addition in renewable heat.Widening more effectual fiscal support for heat and electricity microgeneration engineerings in places and other edifices.Helping the planning system to present.Guaranting appropriate inducements for new electricity g rid substructure.Exploiting the full potency of energy from waste by sing farther limitations on land make fulling biomass.Necessitating all biofuels to run into rigorous sustainability standards to restrict inauspicious impacts on nutrient monetary values, and other societal and environmental concerns.Promoting the development of new renewable engineerings by guaranting effectual support peculiarly where the UK has the possible to be a market leader.Maximizing the benefits for UK concern by supplying a clear long-run policy model. â€Å" Taken from ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.energyportal.eu/component/content/article/6175.html )Chapter 8.2 Grant allotmentAs portion of this thesis the writer researched the grants available to householders, who wished to put in renewable energy systems in there homes. The writer decided to look at the grants available in the four European states he had looked at for the E.U enterprise viz. Austria, Germany, Ireland and the United Kingdom. T he writer thought that this would be really good as the chief ground for non put ining renewable energy systems in peoples places was the monetary value of it, but if the grants available can be significant plenty to cut the monetary value of installing down to a minimal so there should be no ground for non put ining renewable energy systems.OesterreichsSome European states, such as Germany, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, already established renewable edifice codifications on a national degree. Austria has chosen a different way. Alternatively of an amendment to the bing edifice codifications, which would do a portion of renewable energy mandatary in new or refurbished edifices, Austria agreed on a ordinance which is linked to the lodging aid programmes. The model for this political instrument is an agreement ( paragraph 15a B-VG ) between the national and the province authoritiess to cut down the nursery gas emanations of the edifice sector. It stipulates that all Austrian provinces implement regulations for paying lodging aid merely if the warming system of the house fulfils certain ecological demands. Efficient oil/gas boilers with a solar thermal system are eligible in most provinces, every bit good as wood boilers, heat pumps and territory warming. 7 of 9 Austrian provinces already approved these demands last twelvemonth. Austrian provinces that implemented demands for an ecological warming system for new and refurbished residential edifices, desiring to gain from lodging aid. In most instances, the householder can take between different heating engineerings, one of them being an efficient oil/gas boiler combined with a solar thermal system.GermanyHarmonizing to the German authorities they are apportioning 350 million euros each twelvemonth to in the signifier of grants to householders for the installing of renewable energy systems such as solar panels, biomass boilers and heat pumps. However the German authorities expects most householders to take solar panels. Under the new ordinances, solar panels will necessitate to hold an country equal to 4 % of the entire country of a house. The German authorities has besides brought in a statute law that all new places built in Germany from January 1st 2009 will be required to put in renewable energy heating systems under a new jurisprudence called the Renewable Energies Heating Law ( Erneubare-Energien-Warmegesetz ) . Harmonizing to the new statute law 14 % of a family ‘s entire energy ingestion must be met by renewable energy beginnings. For bing houses from 2010 onwards the recommendations are that 10 % of the warming and domestic supplies will hold to be provided by integrating renewable energy. For old houses, 10 % of the warming and domestic hot H2O energy demands will hold to be provided by renewables. Fines of up to 500,000 euros will confront anyone who fails to exchange their warming systems. ( information for this was taken from the German federal ministry for the environment, nature preservation and atomic safety of the German authorities )Irish republicIn Ireland the Irish authorities have been giving out grants to place proprietors since the 27thof March 2006 under the grant strategy the applier.United KingdomThe United Kingdom besides allocates grants to householders who are put ining renewable engineering in there houses but certain criterions have to be met first these criterions are as follows: The grants are merely available to place that have:Insulated the whole of the loft of the belongings to run into current edifice ordinances e.g. 270mm of mineral wool loft insularity or suited option.Installed pit wall insularity where possible.Fitted low energy visible radiation bulbs in all appropriate light adjustments.Have thermostatic controls and a coder or timer for your warming.In many of the grants available the grants will besides pay for 30 % of the installing fee. So in decision with the grants in each of the four states researched covering at least 30 % of the installing fee if non more there should be no ground for non put ining renewable engineering systems.Decision:The chief purpose of this thesis is to place whether the renewable energy systems could work every bit if non better than the traditional warming systems. The 2nd purpose was to bring out if the renewable energy systems be more cost effectual and significantly more environmentally friendly than the bing warming systems. In order to carry through these purposes and to prove the hypothesis of â€Å" Is Renewable energy in domestic houses more good than traditional heating systems? the writer set out specific aims to accomplish these ends. In the of all time altering universe of renewable energy it is apparent that the progresss and on-going progresss in the field of renewable energy agencies that better engineering will be bought at a more competitory monetary value. This will portend good for both the consumer and the environment with the consumer being able to buy renewable engineering cheaper than he would a traditional dodo fuel he/she will be cutting down on the nursery gas emanations that are fouling the environment every twenty-four hours. To demo one illustration of this Evacuated cellular tubings are perchance the best solar thermic devices on the market right now but they are besides the dearest but with progresss in engineering ( e.t.c ‘s ) will go cheaper doing them more popular. Another decision that the writer came to while he was researching for this thesis is that non merely is the use of fossil fuels earnestly harming our environment but they are besides running out at an dismaying rate which means if we do n't move every bit shortly as possible to rectify our errors we will non merely have created irreversible harm to our environment, by breathing harmful gases into the ambiance but we will hold sucked dry all of the earths dodo fuels. It is rather clear to see this go oning now all we have to make is look at the surging monetary values of oil, gas and coal e.g. monetary values have risen 230 % for Gas since February 2007. Coal has seen a, monolithic leap with a 400 % addition in the last 10 old ages, from merely ?23 a ton in 1999 to ?100 a ton in 2008. figures taken from ( Caron alternative energy web site. ) Consequences from the who installed renewable energy systems in there places were more than happy questionnaires, proved that 74 % of the people that were surveyed with either the heat generated or the electricity generated and the comfort provided by the renewable energy systems. As the bulk of the people surveyed either switched from traditional heating systems to renewable energy systems or were brought up in life in a house with traditional heating systems the writer thought that this was a true contemplation of the position of the people most affected.Recommendations:There should be more accent put on the fabrication of renewable energy systems as the writer noted earlier if there were more renewable devices supplied so the overall monetary value would travel down as it is simple marketing â€Å" supply and demand †Although the European Union have brought in a new directive where by 2020 40 % of the corporate European states energy should be renewable energy, the writer b elieves that each authorities in each state should make its uttermost to excel this demand.The authorities of each state should convey in a statute law that all new houses have to run into a certain criterion of renewable end product to advance both the sale and usage of renewable energy. The authorities should besides see presenting stricter clip frames for enforcement of this statute law.Governments could besides give greater grants to advance the sale of renewable systems and revenue enhancement an over usage of fossil fuels.

Human survival Essay

Wilson highlights the effects that the Homo sapiens have brought about in the world through what he refers to as a geophysical force, ranging from causing changes in the climate and the atmosphere to the modification of the fauna and flora. Besides, he reckons that in the history of evolution, it is only the human species that has tenuously advanced the complete mass in protoplasm. His claim that the human species’ destructive habits are maintained in their hereditary traits is credible. Apart from being tribal and assertively territorial, this species is oriented by selfish reproductive and sexual drive. Our actions lead to water and air pollution, lowering of the water tables and extinguishing of other species. The human’s nature juggernaut theory moreover explains why global responsibility comes last since the genetic heritages have led to humans being egocentric. They swiftly react to daily life minor problems and conflicts but inhumanly to similar magnitude status and tribal security challenges (Wilson, 1996). However, due to the exponential development in human populace and technology, the young generation has become more environmentally concerned than the older. Since they are in pursuit of better standards of living, they have intensified their scientific knowledge. This advancement has however led to more environmental destruction. Since humankind possesses intelligence and spirit, it has survived the ecological laws. However, these are not adequate to free this species from the natural environment’s constraints such as the almost exhausted resources and deteriorating atmospheric chemistry (Wilson, 1996). To free ourselves from the suicidal accusations, we ought to keep off civilization dimensions that are a threat to the environment. We have to be ethical so as to protect our self-images. In various arenas, environmental issues are being addressed as a moral issue and this will aid safeguard the surroundings. Even demographic statistics have reflected positive responses to this issue. With these signs of stabilizing the global environments, chances of preserving the ecosystems that are surviving and micromanaging them for the benefit of humankind remain strengthened.

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Organisational performance development - Essay Example To improve their financial performance, businesses have been expanding their operations to foreign markets. One such company is IKEA, whose story is captured in a case study developed by Kippenberger (1997). In this article, Kippenberger (1997) extols the IKEA’s virtues and ethos and its business models. In a similar article, Jonathan (1988) discusses the IKEA’s pricing strategies and compares it with other flat-pack retailers based in the UK. This paper examines the IKEA’s key attributes and suggests ways through which they can be enhanced to create wealth and improve shareholder value. 2. Background IKEA is one of the privately held companies operating worldwide, and it sells flat pack furniture, and bathroom accessories.. The company is renowned for its flat-pack design furniture, which it sells at affordable prices. The IKEA’s origin can be traced to 1943 in Sweden, but it has since grown to 301 stores most of which are located in Europe, North America , Asia and Australia. The name IKEA is an acronym of the originator Ingvar Kamprad and the farm and village where he grew at. The growth of the company has been phenomenal starting in the 1950s, the company printed its first advertisements which were aired on different mass media platforms. The 1960s saw the company expand its presence in the neighbouring countries: Norway and Denmark. In 1970s, the company continued with its rapid expansion program by opening up stores in Germany, Australia, Canada, Austria and the Netherlands. In the UK, the company opened its first store in 1990s, then followed by Poland, Czech Republic, UAE, US, Spain and China. At the turn of the 21st century the company sought to increase its influence by opening retail stores in Russia and Japan. Throughout the years, the company has weathered stiff competition to emerge as one of the greatest furniture manufacturer and provider. It uses the hybrid strategy to provide its clientele with a wide variety of prod ucts and services. In order to control its costs, IKEA has embraced a standardized process and such strategy has helped the company maintain solid financial performance even after the 2008 financial turmoil. According to Ivarsson and Alvstam (2001) the company financial success can be traced to a confluence of many factors including: innovation, efficient supply chain management, ability to respond fast to the market conditions and customers’ needs. This report seeks to examine some of the key features of the IKEA’s business operations while suggesting ways through which it could be strengthened. The company’s vision is to ensure customers enjoy better life while its mission is to provide buyers with well designed furniture at affordable prices. Beside providing customers with affordable goods and services, the other objective of the company is to ensure that the customers receive standardized services in all its stores. To be able to serve its growing clientele , IKEA has a well established organizational structure headed by the CEO and its corporate structure is divided into two: operations and franchising. 3. Innovation and organizational stability 3.1 Innovation Through the one-suit model the company has been able to improve the popularity of its offerings all over the

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2 films - Essay Example Dadier but the two gradually get to respect each other. View of Teaching: Richard Dadiers view of education is rather idealistic to start with and out of touch with the schools realities but this turns as he gets to interact with his new reality more and more through out the movie. The principle has a rather hard time admitting the schools disciplinary issues. He struggles to assert his authority on the unruly students and since he has a disciplined approach to running the school though its ineffective at best. View of Students: Despite the principles attempts to instill discipline, the students end up more unruly and undisciplined. The students actually develop gangs and are led by leaders that hate the principal. The students are seen by Mr. Dadier as being able to change and be more disciplined thus harboring potential to perform well in school. However the new teacher Joshua Edwards is so Naà ¯ve in his impression of the students that they end up picking on him and destroying his music records. The decisions made by the principal are for the good running of the school and for the students some are just there to pass the time till they can attain legal age to go do their own things away from school without the risk of being taken to reform school. For his first teaching job and faces a multitude of problems in his new role. He does his Job well and plays his role well throughout the movie interacting with both the teachers and students adequately to achieve his goals and principles. Gregory Miller: he is the rather intelligent and slightly less bitter student class leader as compared to Artie West. Initially he also has a dislike for Mr. Dadier which diminishes with time as respect for each other grows gradually all through the film. He initially tried hard to maximize his benefits from his education but soon realizes no one cares. This makes

Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking Questions - Essay Example This paper will discuss the composition of a successful lesson plan, the importance of considering students’ backgrounds and strategies of differentiated instruction. A lesson framework acts as the instructor’s guide to what students should learn and how it will be implemented effectively within the allocated class time (O'Bannon, 2008). Before planning a lesson, an instructor should identify the learning objectives and design appropriate learning activities and strategies to get feedback on student learning. A successful lesson plan is made up of objectives for student learning, teaching and learning activities and ways of checking student understanding (O'Bannon, 2008). A well created plan includes; A) The goals the lesson is reaching towards B) The measurable outcomes in acquired skills at the end of the lesson C) Ratio of the expected number of students to the teacher D) Previous knowledge of the learners E) Required time for each teaching and learning session F) Co nsideration of cultural differences, specific needs and learning styles of individuals G) Methods of evaluating the lesson Lesson plans may be varied by certain aspects in different content areas. They may include the content, introduction, goals, objectives, materials, and development (Wong, 1998). The introduction describes the area of focus and ways of getting and retaining the students’ attention while motivating them to participate in the learning process. Getting the students to attend and respond to different introductions sets the stage for the upcoming lessons. Under contents, the teacher lists the key concepts, facts and skills the lesson intends to cover (Wong, 1998). A teacher may also prepare an outline with key learning outcomes. The goals identify the aims or desired results that students should achieve at the end of the planned lesson. They are the end products and broad in nature and relate to the knowledge and skills identified in the contents. Objectives id entify what the students are expected to achieve in the tasks they will be engaged in within the learning process. They are behavioral and performance specific in nature (Wong, 1998). They outline what will be under observance in student performance and the criteria by which they can be measured. The list of materials outlines the resources that will be used throughout the lesson for a successful ending. It may also include technological resources that vary according to the desired results (Wong, 1998). Different development strategies describe how a teacher plans, models and explains what students should do. Modeling the learning behaviors expected of students demonstrates whether they can imitate and practice on their own. Different areas of learning will have different development plans (Wong, 1998). Students in the same class have varying learning abilities. Among them, there are differences in learning style, background knowledge, language proficiency and readiness to learn. Ho wever, regardless of their individual differences, they are expected to understand the same principles, concepts and skills. This requires innovative thinking from the teachers (Wong, 1998). They should provide several learning options that help students understand information and make sense out of concepts and skills conveyed to them. Furthermore, they should present appropriate levels of challenge to all categories of students, including those with quick understanding

BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BEHAVIOR MANAGEMENT - Essay Example As a far as being and achiever is concerned, I consider myself one since I see life as a set of goals that need to be fulfilled and as such whenever I complete a task I feel that I have achieved something no matter how small. Lastly, I am a restorer because I always derive pleasure and satisfaction from patching things, situations and even people. This is influenced by my positivism since whenever I come across a situation that could be made better; I almost always try my utmost to remedy it. While the test may have indicated that am an includer, I do not think that is very descriptive of me since I tend to prefer to run projects on my own rather than as part of a team. While I do include people in them, when it comes to their management, I end up trying to be the one to run point because I am a bit of a perfectionist. In the past, teachers and even friends have been full of praise about my positivism, I remember one of my teacher once told me that my glass is always half full and I should influence my colleagues to be as positive. Whenever my siblings or friends are stressed, sometimes by academics or life issues such as relationship they often seek me out since they know I will help them see the best in such situations. This has also been very useful to me personally since, as a student, I frequently used my positivism to motivate myself to take on complicated projects that others did not want to tackle. I often view challenges as opportunities to make myself a better person rather than inconvenient situations that should be avoided. As a result, I have found myself exceling and standing out, not because I am better than others are but because I am willing to try what they refuse to handle. Being an achiever as well as a positivist is often instrumental in helping one achieve success in most of the things they set out to do (Clear). In many cases, I make small short term goals which I gradually and consistently work on combining the small

Glass Ceiling Still Unshattered question wether or not there are Assignment

Glass Ceiling Still Unshattered question wether or not there are barriers to womens advancement in the firm. Please see below - Assignment Example Meanwhile, Deontological ethics demonstrate the need to employ and hire people of all genders without discrimination, and it is the duty of employers not to exercise such unethical acts as discriminating other genders. According to Bohlander and Snell (2009) women roles, abilities and prohibition from informal networks is a barrier to the success of women in the company, because men think women lack significant management and experience due to their commitments and family responsibilities. The company guidelines and practices affect the way women are treatment and form barriers for their advancement in the business line. Most executives often take advantage of their top position and harass women sexually in cases of promotions and job opportunities. Recently the company has made a progress in employing qualified women in different positions, but they still have problems in developing and advancing them into positions of senior management; this necessitates drastic improvement. In conclusion, the Corporate American working environment for women in the different position in business should reflect development, but regrettably, this is not the case. Glass Ceiling prejudices and discrimination will always affect women, but the company should make policies that advocate changes for women to improve their career development in the company irrespective of their sexual

CIF Shipment Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CIF Shipment Contract - Essay Example Fundamentally, cost, insurance and freight in a C.I.F Contract are tied to the shipment industry. A C.I.F Contract is quite similar to a Cost and Freight contract, and the same rules apply. Aside from the Cost and Freight features, a C.I.F includes an insurance policy. This covers any risk when goods are being delivered from sellers to buyers (Chua, 2000, 158-159). With all Cost and Freight rules being applied, insurance is the included factor in a C.I.F contract. The insurance factor prevents a seller and buyer facing any loss during transfer of goods. Documents of goods are handed by the seller to the transporter, and then they are handed to the buyer. While this process takes place, the insurance factor remains in effect. Therefore, protection of the goods starts from the time the insurance policy commences up till the time the transporters hand the goods over to the buyer (The Law of International Trade, 2000, 23-27). Usually, such an insurance policy in a C.I.F contract is signed for the period during which the goods are in the care of the seller or the buyer. From this, one can see that the C.I.F. insurance factor is associated with the contract because it is intended for the purpose of shipment. Further more, the insurance is mentioned in the sales contract. The amount that is insured is particularly written in the sales contract, and the amount insured should not be less than 110 percent of the total C.I.F value. This shows that the insurance factor covers everything, and the seller and the buyer will stand no loss if anything happens to the good while being delivered (The Insurance Element in lncoterms CIF and CIP Contracts, 1995, 8-25). Under C.I.F terms, it is a requirement for an exporter to have marine insurance. Obviously, this means that if an exporter does not have marine insurance, s/he would not be able to sign a C.I.F contract. The idea of having marine insurance means that the insurance is specific to the transporter, and provides coverage against loss in case during transportation (The Insurance Element in lncoterms CIF and CIP Contracts, 1995, 8-25). A C.I.F contract appears to be a comprehensive shipment contract because it encompasses all important aspects for transporting goods under international trade. It could be asserted that this contract is a step ahead of the Cost and Freight contract, while variations of a C.I.F contract are seen in the form of C&I contract. In a C&I contract, Cost and Insurance are mentioned in the sales agreement while freight is not included. It can be noted that the marine insurance requirements in a C&I contract and in a C.I.F are the same (The Insurance Element in lncoterms CIF and CIP Contracts, 1995, 8-25). A seller in a C.I.F contract has the responsibility of fulfilling all the contractual requirements. Details such as the exact date and time the goods are to be delivered to the buyer need to be mentioned in the contract. Therefore, it is often said that in a C.I.F contract, a seller has more responsibility than a buyer. The seller has to make sure that everything is in order while the buyer has to receive it as per agreement. If there are any problems with delivery of goods, the buyer is not responsible (The Nature of CIF Contract, 1993, 159-176). However, the seller is on the safe side because s/he is protected due to insurance in the

Types of Risk Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Types of Risk - Assignment Example Even though, these value risk models are utilized to quantify risks in the market but there are few limitations that are addressed using stress tests that study the movements of the market on hypothetical grounds (Yufeng, 2011). Supply chains have the aim to increase productivity, ensure cost effective practices and fulfill demands of the markets. However, there are many risks that may disrupt their working thus, in order to manage the risks involved the first step into place them into supply chain risk management (SCRM) (Tummala & Schoenherr, 2011). This would enable them to identify the operations, resources and the sources through which information inflows and outflows, through co-citation analysis. The changing interest are identified in SCRM and then tools such as Failure Modes and Effect Analysis (FMEA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) can be used appropriately in SCRM. Moreover, pricing policies and analysis tools can examine the risks involved in supply chain that help manage supply chain risks in an effective way(Nurmaya, 2012). Credit risk is the kind of risk associated with market and customers. This risk arises when a business feels that borrowers might not pay their debt on time or due date. Thus, in this regard, credit can be managed by setting credits limit. The limits of credits are based on credit ratings. Likewise, funding or liquidity risk occurs when there is the risk that a person is not able to meet his obligations to provide loan commitments. The techniques associated with mitigating funding technique are holding liquid assets, securitizations, creating contingency plans, portfolio management techniques, having extensive databases on defaults and having credit insurance products. Due to increasing number of credit related losses, companies require new analytical solutions to make improvements in their databases

The Victorian era Essay Example for Free

The Victorian era Essay Magwitchs reaction when Pip shows him where his mother immediately makes the reader feel sorry for him. Now then lookee here! said the man. Wheres your mother? There, sir, Said I. He started, made a short run, and stopped and looked over his shoulder. Due to the fact he is making a short run at the mere mention of someone seeing him, reveals Magwitchs deeper insecurities and fear of being caught. Also the fact he is scared of a woman would create an even greater feeling of sympathy for him, especially amongst those reading in the Victorian era, as it was uncommon to have a man scared of a woman. This reaction also suggests that Magwitch may not be as strong as he originally made out, but is only putting on an act to scare Pip. Magwitch demands Pip bring him file and wittles and as he does so he tilts Pip over the tombstone a little more. You bring em both to me. He tilted me again, Or Ill have your heart and liver torn out. He tilted me again. By recreating the tilting movement again and saying it in the same repetitive manner, represents the mounting fear and unease Pip is experiencing and also stresses the difference in power; with Magwitch at this point, looming over Pip in a menacing manner, thus leading the reader to feel greater sympathy for him in such a situation and much less so for Magwitch. As Pip watches the convict leave, he says glancing about him over the cold wet flat, I wish I was a frog or a eel. Wishing to be a frog or an eel shows us how difficult Magwitch find his surroundings and that in being a frog or an eel means he doesnt not have to suffer in the cold and wet marshes any longer. Also when he says a eel it gives a hint as to the fact the Magwitch is possibly illiterate as he says a eel instead of an eel. This creates sympathy for Magwitch as it not only tells us he is uneducated but also that he may never have had the chance to go to school. Magwitchs departure creates further sympathy for him as he hugged his shuddering body in both arms and limped toward the Low Church wall. The fact he is limping could either indicate he is hurt or that the cold has numbed his body. Either way the reader feels sympathy for Magwitch, as unlike Pip, he does not have the option of going back home. Instead he is forced to pick his way among the nettles, and among brambles. Once again this shows the reader the difficulties he is facing with his surroundings and in turn this makes the reader feel sorry for him as it is clear that he has nowhere else to go. As Pip describes his surroundings once again as the sun is setting, he talks of how he can faintly make out two things on the horizon- a beacon the sailors use to steer and the other, a gibbet, from whose chain a pirate once hung. As Pip describes Magwitch walking towards the latter it gives a sense of foreboding as though something terrible is about to happen and that the gibbet (for Magwitch) might symbolise death. This creates sympathy for Magwitch as it is shown as another reminder to the reader of the punishment he could face if caught. Dickens creates sympathy for his characters, Pip and Magwitch in many ways. By carefully structuring his story; he is able to swing the readers sympathy from Pip to Magwitch as the story progresses. By introducing Pip first, Dickens made the reader feel sympathetic towards his situation. However, he was also able to make the reader empathise with Magwitch as well despite his less than honourable actions. Dickens also uses the characters dialogue and body language to represent how a character feels and what they are thinking.

The First-Wave Immigrants and the Post-1965 Essay Example for Free

The First-Wave Immigrants and the Post-1965 Essay Migration has been a fact of life since the beginning of time due to economic, religious, and social factors. This paper examines and the lives and experiences of the First-Wave Filipino immigrants and the Post-1965 Filipino immigrants. It compares and contrasts the immigrants’ way of life at the time and seeks to uncover their struggles and triumphs in a foreign land. The Filipino American The Filipino Americans are immigrants from the Philippines. Filipinos are considered as Asian Americans and they have the largest population in the group. Currently, there is an estimated 4 million Filipino American comprised by naturalized citizens or American-born citizens. The largest concentration of Filipino Americans can be found in California, Guam, Hawaii, and New York, New Jersey, Washington and Texas as well as other neighboring states (US Census Bureau, 2007). Cultural Background The Filipino culture is a fusion of Spanish and American culture. There are also influences by the Chinese and the Malays (Bautista, 2002). The Philippines was colonized by Spain for three hundred years and by the United States for fifty years. Western culture is evident in the people’s way of life. Most Filipinos are given Spanish names and most of them practice Catholicism (Bautista, 2002). The First-Wave of Filipino Immigrants in the United States The first waves of Filipino migration were the Manilamen or Filipino seamen found in Louisiana in 1763. They sailed from the Philippines to Acapulco, Mexico and then to Barataria Bay (Crisostomo, 1996, p. 5 ). They lived in a fishing village and started the dried shrimp business in the United States. (p. 5 ). The Spanish government made arrangements for the Filipino, Antonio Miranda Rodriguez and his family established themselves in Pueblo de Nuestra de Senora Reina de los Angeles de Porciuncula. The Second Wave of Filipino Immigrants in the United States (1906-1935) The second wave of Filipino migration consisted of students, scholars and laborers. About 125,000 Filipino laborers worked in sugar plantations in Hawaii. Over the years, the Filipino American population has grown in numbers and strength. Some of the Filipino laborers from Hawaii went to work in California farms and sardine factories in Alaska (Bautista, 2000) The Third Wave of Filipino Immigrants in the United States (1939-1965) The third wave of Filipino immigrants continued after World War II until 1965. They comprise mostly of military soldiers and their family who fought with the Americans during the war (Crisostomo, 1996, p. 35) The Fourth Wave of Filipino Immigrants in the United States (1965-Present) The fourth wave of Filipino immigrants mostly include professionals such as doctors, nurses, engineers, lawyers and business men (p. 42). They continue to increase in number because of the better employment opportunities in the US. Racial Discrimination Then and Now The Filipinos experienced discrimination in the early 20th century. The Filipino men were forbidden to wed white women as enacted by the anti-miscegenation laws. However, historical accounts present that many Filipino men married or lived with White women particularly in the Western and Southern areas in the 1920s and 1930s. They were often ostracized by society and they lived in settlements and were not allowed to move to other states. The 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair and the Philippine-American War brought â€Å"negative stereotypes including the racist idea of ‘The Little Brown Brother’ as described by Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden† (Bautista, 2002). It was just in the 1960s where the issue of racial discrimination was put to the core. Like other minorities in the US, the Filipinos are protected under the anti-discrimination law. Sadly, racial discrimination still exists today. Hate crimes against Filipinos pervade like in the case of Joseph Ileto who was murdered in 1999 by Budford Furrow, a white supremacist; and most recently in the early part of 2007, where a young Filipino-American girl was mobbed by black teenagers in New York. Up until now, there are cases of unfair treatment of Filipinos with regards to acquiring visas and those who are deported back to the Philippines. After the September 11 terrorist attack, the US immigration made tougher rules on foreigners visiting the US which included the Filipinos. The fight for the rights and benefits of the World War II Filipino veterans, who fought along with the American soldiers, is still going on. These veterans were promised to get compensation and benefits after serving in the US military. The enactment of the Rescission Act in 1946 by the US Congress, removed all the benefits that was rightfully due for these Filipino war veterans. Where is the justice here? These people dedicated their lives in serving the US military and they get nothing in return? They tried to lobby for their benefits and their rights as American citizens. In the early1990s, a number of bills were presented in Congress to grant the benefits to the Filipino war veterans and up to now there is still no resolution. Many of these Filipino war veterans have died waiting for the benefits that they were hoping for. In citing the differences of the times lived by the Filipinos in America. In conclusion, racial discrimination has not left the country. It continues to evolve in different aspects. The only good thing is the passage of the anti-discrimination law which seeks to prosecute those who are racists. Democracy is alive in the US to a certain extent; and minorities like the Filipinos enjoy the freedom to vote, participate and air their grievances. In terms of equality, I believe that equal rights and equal opportunity is still a work and progress. References Bautista, Veltisezar. (2002). The Filipino Americans Yesterday and Today. http://www. filipinoamericans. net. Retrieved on August 30, 2007. Crisostomo, Isabelo, T. (1996). Filipino Achievers in the USA and Canada: Profiles in Excellence. Michigan: Bookhaus Publishers.

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Labelling Theory

The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Labelling Theory Labelling theory and its theorists focus on the groups and/or individuals who were deemed to be criminal and labelled thus by society. Labelling theorists studied the various interactions between the criminal groups and individuals and the conformist society. Labeling theory was quite popular in the 1960s and early 1970s, but then fell into decline-partly as a result of the mixed results of empirical research. This essay will go on to show the origins of labelling theory, the theory itself and will show its strengths and weaknesses using various case-studies and examples. Tannenbaum (1938) is widely regarded as the first labelling theorist. His main concept was the dramatization of evil. He stated that if a person is described as being a criminal then he automatically becomes one. Erwin Lamert (1951) founded the societal Reaction theory. This theory is widely credited to be the forerunner of the present day labelling theory. His theory basically states that a person experiences social deviance in two phases. The first phase is known as the Primary deviance phase. The second is known as the Secondary deviance phase. According to Lemert, the primary deviance phase begins with a criminal act. He or she is then labelled criminal but has yet to accept the label. The main point of view is whether he or she has accepted the criminal label. If the person views themselves as a criminal then the secondary deviant phase has begun. The object of whether a person views himself or herself as a criminal is what differentiates between the primary and secondary devian t phases. Lemert states that there are exceptions and people continue to stay in the primary phase, an example would be someone who rationalizes that the so called criminal act is legal as it is necessary for them to survive and earn money (an exotic dancer would be an example). The secondary deviance phase usually begins when a person has accepted the criminal label. They then accept themselves as being criminal as use it to counter (either by moving with similar peer groups or by other means) societys reaction to the initial act. Howard Becker (1963) is held to be the architect of the modern labelling theory. He is also responsible for coining the term moral entrepreneur which is a term used to describe law making officials who get certain criminal behaviour illegal. Becker proposed that criminal behaviour is dynamic in nature and changes throughout time. He therefore suggested that the actual act is impertinent to the theory. What matters was the type of people going through the criminal justice system. Therefore Becker says that personal motives and the influence by society has nothing to do with criminal behaviour. This is the most debated part of the labelling theory brought about by him. Becker pays particular attention to how people and society react and operate with others who have the criminal label. He mentions that once a person has the label of criminal associated with him or her; it becomes stuck with them and acts as a constant label. This effect is so profound that Becker states that individuals with this label begin to be associated with the word criminal. All their other associations and labels such as that of parent, employee, and so on take a back seat. It becomes so extreme that it becomes their one and only status. Foster et al, 1972 say that in certain unique cases, the label of criminal may force an individual to integrate back into society and try and try and show them that the criminal act he or she committed was a mistake and will not happen again (cited in Labelling theory). Although in most cases secondary deviance will be accomplished in which the person accepts the label of criminal and begins to associate with similarly branded people, losing contact with friends who conform to societies rules (Becker, 1963 cited in Labelling Theory). It has occurred only when both the society and individual consider him or her to be a criminal or a deviant. Labelling theory however has many inherent drawbacks. Firstly, according to Wellford (1975) the theory states that no acts are inherently criminal, and states that acts are only criminal when society considers them to be so. There are clearly some acts considered wrong in almost all the societies and nations in the world, murder, arson are a few such examples (cited in labelling theory). Secondly is the process of self-labelling. Hagen (1973) brings about the concept of self-labelling, in which he states the example of a murderer who has avoided all suspicion (the act is not criminal if no one is around to witness it or label him). He goes on to say that the murderer may have a conscience which will cause him to label himself or herself as a murderer. This goes against the labelling theory, which states that labelling must come from a third party. Thirdly, labelling theory is supposed to cover all criminal activity and has an effect on everyone irrespective of their race, social clas s, sex and age (Becker, 1963). Other criminologists have been doubtful of this part of the theory and hold that a persons race, social class and so on do have an effect. They mention that the above mentioned factors can either enhance or mitigate the effects of labelling theory. There is however no scientific study on the effects of the above factors. Marshall and Purdy (1972) stated that the studies conducted reflected actual behavioural differences that were reacted to differently by different people. Fourthly, it matters on who the audience is comprised of, as the level of denouncement an individual feels depends on the audiences reaction to the act. As the labelling theory states, the first is the audience learning about the act that is considered criminal and not the act itself. As it has already been explained, if the audience doesnt know about it then it is not a crime. Different audiences may have different reactions to a crime and thus the punishment and the labelling will vary even though the same crime is being committed. The last drawback of the labelling theory is that the personality of the individual matters. This can cause problems. The level of stigmatization an individual gets varies on whether or not he cares about his label. Studies have come across certain individuals that have personality traits which makes them resistant to the labels conferred on them by society. The biggest drawback one may say that affects labelling theory is that it has not yet been empirically validated. Some studies found that being officially labeled a criminal (e.g. arrested or convicted) increased subsequent crime, while other studies did not. Although there are many studies that validate it, there are none that can offer significant data in its support. Labelling also involves both a wrong or deviant act and a deviant person. There are however several things that are wrong with the drawbacks. The first one mentions that murder, arson and so on are all criminal in most of the nations and societies. That is not a drawback but merely a statement of facts. It merely states what society currently thinks. In the future the mindset of society may change and acts that were previously considered to be criminal may be legalised. History has shown that society has and will change to accept criminal behaviour or to make legal behaviour illegal. An example would be that of homosexuality. In the early times, it was illegal. Now it is legal. The smoking of marijuana is another example, although it is illegal in most of the societies and nations it is now slowly being tolerated in some and even being legalised in others. One of the other drawbacks also mentions the aspect of self-labelling. But as mentioned before, the individual or group may seek to rationalize their behaviour, thus avoiding the prospect of self labelli ng. An example would be a person stealing to satisfy his hunger. He would not label himself as a criminal as it was a necessary for him to do so. Thus most of the drawbacks can be explained. Lemert (1967) brought out the connection between social reaction and deviance through his studies and research of a number of Indian tribes in British Columbia. He noticed that in some tribes, stuttering occurred among their members and their language mentioned stuttering. Other tribes however had no mention of stuttering in their language and had no members of their tribes stuttering. Lemert could not establish a clear reason as to why that was so. He then went on to find that tribe that had stuttering, placed a very high meaning and emphasis on storytelling and oratory skills. Children of those tribes that placed a very high emphasis on storytelling were often brought up in a culture that placed a high value on not stuttering and having good oratory skills. Those that were not able to conform to the rest of the tribe i.e. had bad storytelling and oratory skills were mocked. Lemert concluded that the pressure placed on the members of the tribe to have good skills and the subsequent mockery and social exclusion if they didnt posses the oratory skills led to the development of stuttering. He said that in tribes where good oratory skills were not expected, there was no negative reaction and hence there was no deviance of the above type. He thus said that such type of labelling leads to more deviant behaviour. Thomas Scheff (1966) published Being Mentally Ill, was the first instance of labelling theory being applied to the term of Mentally Ill. Scheff said that mental ill was the product of societal influence, going against the common perceptions of the time. When society finds some act criminal or deviant, they usually place the term of Mental Illness on those who show that behaviour so that society can understand the reason for the behaviour and come to terms with it. According to him, society then places certain behavioural expectations on the individual and the individual subconsciously changes his behaviour to suit the expectations of society. He said that there are no different types of the mentally ill with just one type who conform to what society has labelled them to be. Walter Grove on the other hand was vehemently opposed to the theory proposed by Thomas Scheff. Grove argued the opposite point. He said that labelling theory and the mentally ill have no influence on one another. He said that people are said to be mentally ill, when they display behaviour that makes them to be so. Grove said that society has no influence whatsoever on mental illness. He said that due to their illness, they behave differently most of the time and are hence treated as such. There have been studies to show how after being diagnosed with a mental illness labelling has taken an effect, such as not being offered houses and jobs, but there is very little to show that labelling was the cause of mental illness in the first place. Thus we can say that labelling does have a profound effect but has yet to be shown that it was labelling that caused the illness in the first place. Labelling can have different aspects as well. An example would be drugs. Marijuana for example is tolerated in Amsterdam and is legal in other parts of the world (Mexico allows four grams for personal use). In those societies, soft drugs and their users are accepted and are not labelled as deviant or criminal. In these societies we see limited drug use and little or no overdoses and or drug abuse. In other societies however, soft drugs are illegal and the people who use them are labelled as deviant. It is in these societies that the policing organisations have trouble controlling the abuse of drugs. This is due to the fact that people with low self esteem or a different/weak personality trait takes these drugs to show that they can handle it and want to rebel against society. Becker (1953) wrote in his book, the Marijuana user, that the drug does not produce any addiction and that it has no withdraw sickness or any sort of substance that makes the user crave for the drug. The most fr equent use would be recreational. He questioned fifty of those users and found that they did not have any pre-dispositional behaviour towards it. They would be able to smoke it at one time and at others, they wont be able to. Thus the quality of deviance does not reside in the behaviour itself, but is rather the outcome of responses to that behaviour by various social audiences (Tierney). The daily mail ran an article which stated that some people were more likely to smoke if they saw Smoking Kills on it. This was due to the fact the these people had low self esteem and by doing something that brings them close to the edge makes them feel like a rebel. Thus we see that labelling though introduced to help society and make it a better place can actually make it worse. This part of the labelling theory has many policy implications. Intervention may make things worse. Labelling theory supports the idea of radical non-interventionism, in which policy dictates that certain acts are decrim inalised and the removal of the social stigmata surrounding the acts. The effect of labelling theory on juvenile behaviour is a bit more pronounced and clear. Youths are especially vulnerable to labelling theory. Once they start to believe in their negative labels, self rejection occurs which plays a major role in the social rejection theory. This self rejection attitude leads to the rejection of the norms of society and gives them a motive to deviate from conventional values of society. They then form bonds with like minded deviant peers. These youths then go on to reject those that have labelled them and tend to set up their own criminal lifestyles consisting of criminal behaviour. In schools, those that come from a working class family or a lower class, the youth gangs are seen as trouble makers compared to the middle class gangs who are labelled as pranksters instead. Research has shown that many of the youth gangs who come from the lower class get arrested and are labelled further as criminals. Gouldner (1968) argued that labelling theorists made the individual look innocent by the application of labels by control agents such as the police and society. He pointed out that deviance was created entirely on the whims of authority. An example to this would be the issue of homosexuality. Early in the century, authorities labelled it criminal and illegal. Those that were caught were persecuted as such. But now, homosexuality is an accepted fact in society and there are little or fewer stigmas and or labelling attached to it. Thus as shown in the above essay, labelling theory has many strengths and weaknesses. Those are, no acts are inherently criminal, there can be a process of self-labelling, it covers or is supposed to cover all criminal activity, depends on the members of the society or those that do the labelling and finally it depends on the personality of the individual. However, there are already inherent drawbacks with the drawbacks given by various individual sociologists. Those are that society changes, and so does labelling. Individuals can rationalize their deviant behaviour. In spite of these, the major drawback of the labelling theory is the lack of empirical data to support it. We can thus conclude that labelling theory does have an effect, but is not the primary cause for most of the acts committed.